Discrepant Event, Friends, Links & Video: A FREE lesson your learners will always remember! A New DVD Film, Death March from Bataan to Manchuria: Raising a Survivor's Voice For your listening pleasure while you read: John Lee Hooker & Santana - The Healer http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_8kkuekS5A Note: Some Website addresses may look the same. Some URL addresses are merely edited for display to save space and to accommodate small screens. Each link goes to a specific URL address for specific information about the discrepant event topic: tobacco and smoking.     Back to main Free Discrepant Event, Friends Discrepant Event, Friends, Links:   High School: The Social Scene Smoking, alcohol, and drugs Do you imagine the high school hallways filled with students offering you cigarettes? Are you afraid that if you don’t agree to try alcohol or drugs, nobody will like you? http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/school/highschool/article7.html   Adair-Bischoff C.E., Sauve R.S., Environmental tobacco smoke and middle ear disease in preschool-age children, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Agabiti N., Mallone S., Forastiere F., et al, SIDRIA Collaborative Group, The impact of parental smoking on asthma and wheezing, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Why smoking is bad for you http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/   Tobacco and Cancer American Cancer Society Smoking damages nearly every organ in the human body. Smoking is linked to at least 10 different cancers, and accounts for some 30% of all cancer deaths. Smoking costs billions of dollars each year. Yet one in four Americans still light up. If you or someone you love uses tobacco, here's what you need to know about how tobacco kills, and how to get the help you need to quit, http://www.cancer.org/   Smoking Cessation Health Center Smoking is one of the most addictive habits, yet nearly half of Americans that once smoked eventually quit. To help you quit smoking, you'll find in-depth information here on successful smoking cessation techniques, nicotine patches, and other products. http://www.webmd.com/   Aligne C.A, Stoddard J.J., Tobacco and children: an economic evaluation of the medical effects  of parental smoking, http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/   Faces of Lung Cancer It's Time to Focus on Lung Cancer http://www.lungcancer.org/   National Cancer Institute Cigarette Smoking and Cancer: Questions and Answers   Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths and is responsible for most cancers of the larynx, oral cavity and pharynx, esophagus, and bladder.   Secondhand smoke is responsible for an estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths among U.S. nonsmokers each year (see Question 2).   Tobacco smoke contains thousands of chemical agents, including over 60 substances that are known to cause cancer. The risk of developing smoking-related cancers, as well as noncancerous diseases, increases with total lifetime exposure to cigarette smoke.                         Smoking cessation has major and immediate health benefits, including decreasing the risk of lung and other cancers, heart attack, stroke, and chronic lung disease, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/cancer   American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Child Health Financing and Committee on Substance Abuse, Improving substance abuse prevention, assessment, and treatment financing for children and adolescents, http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/pediatrics;108/4/1025   NOW, Transcript, March 3, 2006 | PBS Having trouble telling fact from fiction these days? "Spin" is in.                         CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY: It is sometimes tough competing with reality in America. And but it's a dirty, a dirty, lousy, rotten job and I guess someone's gotta try.   Christopher Buckley's satire about spin and lobbying is now a major motion picture.                         THANK YOU FOR SMOKING CLIP: We want to talk about numbers, perhaps Vermont cheese should come with a skull and crossbones. The great state of Vermont will not apologize for its cheese.                         BRANCACCIO: Hang on for an insider's view on the way Washington really works.                         CHRISTOPHER BUCKLEY: Lobbyists didn't descend from a spaceship. They evolved organically from the way we do business, http://www.pbs.org/now/transcript/transcriptNOW209_full.html   Anderson H.R., Cook D.G., Passive smoking and sudden infant death syndrome: review of the epidemiological evidence, http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/52/11/1003?ijkey=oOWFTLwzS7sB   Information About Smoking: A Guide for Teens http://www.youngwomenshealth.org/smokeinfo.html   What is Nicotine? Heart & Vascular Institution http://www.clevelandclinic.org/heartcenter/pub/   What is Arsenic? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts2.html   What is Methane? Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane   What is Ammonia? Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/tfacts126.html   What is Cadmium? Wisconsin Department of Health and Family Services http://dhfs.wisconsin.gov/eh/ChemFS/fs/cadmium.htm   What is Carbon Monoxide? U.S. Environmental Protection Agency An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality http://www.epa.gov/iaq/co.html   What is Formaldehyde? Safety and Health Topics Formaldehyde Occupational Safety & Health Administration OSHA http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/formaldehyde/   What is Butane? Scorecard is the web's most popular resource for information about pollution problems and toxic chemicals. Chemical Profile for BUTANE http://www.scorecard.org/   What is Hydrogen Cyanide? Toxic Chemicals in Cigarette Smoke Hydrogen Cyanide About.com http://quitsmoking.about.com/cs/nicotineinhaler/a/cyanide.htm   CHILD HEALTH Smoking effects the health of: Unborn children, babies, and young children Tobacco is the #1 preventable cause of infant mortality Arts & Sciences Publishing, http://artsciencepub.com/   United States Department of Health & Human Services The latest information to help people quit smoking, and to help health care professionals treat tobacco use and dependence, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/tobacco/   Ashley M.J., Cohen J., Bull S., et al, Knowledge about tobacco and attitudes toward tobacco control: how different are smokers and nonsmokers? Can J Public Health, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids Tobacco vs. Kids Where America draws the line http://tobaccofreekids.org/   Bland M., Bewley, B.R., Pollard V. Banks, M.H., Effect of children's and parents' smoking on respiratory symptoms, http://adc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/53/2/100 Back to main Free Discrepant Event, Friends   March of Dimes PeriStats Developed by the March of Dimes Perinatal Data Center, the PeriStats Web site provides free access to US, state, county, and city maternal & infant health data.   Easy Start:  Over 60,000 graphs, maps ,and tables available! Select a region to get a complete list for the US or your state.   For instance: You can get a bar graph showing stats for your state, such as: Smoking among women of childbearing age: Texas and US: In Texas in 2003, 19.0% of women of childbearing age (18-44 years) reported smoking, compared to 23.4% of women overall in the U.S. http://www.marchofdimes.com/peristats/   March of Dimes Quick Fact Sheet Smoking During Pregnancy In the United States more than 20 percent of women smoke, http://www.marchofdimes.com/professionals/14332_1171.asp   Brook J.S., Brook D.W., Whiteman M., The influence of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the toddler's negativity, http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/154/4/381   World Heath Organization http://www.who.int/en/   Cameron P., The presence of pets and smoking as correlates of perceived disease, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   International Smoking Statistics A collection of historical data from 30 economically developed countries Barbara Forey, Jan Hamling, Peter Lee, and Nicholas Wald Oxford University Press, http://www.oup.com/   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cigarette smoking among adults, http://www.cdc.gov/   Is it safe for a smoker to breastfeed her baby? What about using the nicotine patch and other smoking cessation aids? La Leche League International http://www.lalecheleague.org/FAQ/smoking.html   Chen Y., Li W., Yu S., Influence of passive smoking on admissions for respiratory illness in early childhood, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/   Smoking ban in all pubs and clubs Smoking in pub Ministers have argued about the extent of a ban MPs have voted by a huge margin to ban smoking from all pubs and private members' clubs in England. BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/4709258.stm   Cohn L., Macfarlane, S., Yanez, C., Imai W., Risk-perception: differences between adolescents and adults, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Blunt, Boehner, Share Broad Network of Lobbyist Ties With DeLay Tobacco Link Bloomberg Bloomberg is the leading global provider of data, news and analytics. The BLOOMBERG TERMINAL and Bloomberg's media services provide real-time and archived financial and market data, pricing, trading, news and communications tools in a single, integrated package to corporations, news organizations, financial and legal professionals and individuals around the world.   Blunt has links to the tobacco industry.  In 2002, he tried to insert language into a bill creating the Homeland Security Department that would have aided Philip Morris Cos., now Altria Group Inc., the Washington Post reported. Blunt later married Altria lobbyist Abigail Perlma, http://www.bloomberg.com/   Decision-making/reasoning skills John & Doris Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences University of Arizona National 4-H Council, http://cals-cf.calsnet.arizona.edu/fcs/content.cfm?content=decision_making   Colley J.R.T, Holland W.W., Influence of passive smoking and parental phlegm on pneumonia and bronchitis in childhood, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Smoke Free Movies A project of UCSF professor Stanton Glantz addressing smoking in motion pictures, http://smokefreemovies.ucsf.edu/   Stock Sectors CNN Money.com, http://money.cnn.com/data/sectors/Tobacco/   Tobacco Cornelius, Marie D. and Nancy Day, 2000, “The Effects of Tobacco Use During and After Pregnancy on Exposed Children,” Alcohol Research and Health, http://www.questia.com/   Cotton, P., 1994, “Smoking Cigarettes May Do Developing Fetus More Harm Than Ingesting Cocaine, Some Experts Say,” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   THE TOBACCO TIMELINE Author: Gene Borio   IN THE BEGINNING . . . Huron Indian myth has it that in ancient times, when the land was barren and the people were starving, the Great Spirit sent forth a woman to save humanity. As she traveled over the world, everywhere her right hand touched the soil, there grew potatoes. And everywhere her left hand touched the soil, there grew corn. And when the world was rich and fertile, she sat down and rested. When she arose, there grew tobacco . . . http://www.tobacco.org/History/Tobacco_History.html   DiFranza J.R., Lew R.A., Morbidity and mortality in children associated with the use of tobacco products by other people, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   A brief history of tobacco CNN.com, http://www.cnn.com/US/9705/tobacco/history/index.html   UCSF Library and Center for Knowledge Management Tobacco Control Archives Paper and Media Collections These collections include organizational records of government agencies and activist groups, as well as papers of individuals active in tobacco control. Collections of tobacco industry documents are available in paper as well as digitally. Many of the tobacco industry documents are also available on the Legacy Tobacco Documents Library, http://galen.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/tcacoll.html   Dunn H.G., McBurney A.K., Ingram S, Hunter C.M., Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the child's subsequent development: physical growth to the age of six and a half years, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/S1/1007   Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights ANR is a national lobbying organization dedicated to nonsmokers' rights. The American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation is an educational nonprofit focused on smoking prevention for youth and educational materials for adults. The site includes information and resources for tobacco control initiatives, http://www.no-smoke.org/   Fried P.A., Watkinson B. 36-and 48-month neurobehavioral follow-up of children parentally exposed to marijuana, cigarettes, and alcohol, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   "The Cigarette Papers" Online Wall Of History An online version of the "The Cigarette Papers" exhibit at UCSF that includes a timeline of significant events and spotlights important documents in the history of Tobacco Control, http://tobaccowall.ucsf.edu/   Selected Actions of the U.S. Government Regarding the Regulation of Tobacco Sales, Marketing, and Use National Center For Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/overview/regulate.htm   Tobacco Information and Prevention Source (TIPS), http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/overview/regulate.htm   Framework Convention Alliance for Tobacco Control (FCTC) Fact Sheets FCTC fact sheets, designed for policymakers, NGOs, journalists and others interested in tobacco control, provide summaries of current research, responses to common industry arguments, guidance on the relevant sections of the global tobacco treaty (the FCTC), and sources for more information, http://www.fctc.org/factsheets/index.php   Groman E., Blauensteiner D., Kunze U., Schoberberger R., Carbon monoxide in the expired air of smokers that smoke so-called “light” brands of cigarettes, http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/9/3/352   Fast Stats: Smoking (National Center for Health Statistics) Key statistics about smoking from the United States’ principal health statistics agency, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/smoking.htm   Johnson J.G., Cohen P, Pine DS, Klein DF, Kasen S., Brook J.S., Association between cigarette smoking and anxiety disorders during adolescence and early adulthood, JAMA, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/404284_3   Tobacco Control Archives (University of California, San Francisco) Since 1994, the UCSF Library has maintained the Tobacco Control Archives as a central, organized source for papers, unpublished documents, and electronic resources relevant to tobacco control. TCA's digital resources include The Cigarette Papers Online, several collections of industry documents, and tools for tobacco document research, indexing and analysis, http://www.ttac.org/   Abuses of the Government-Tobacco Cartel A download of the 1998 tobacco settlement and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board The Competitive Enterprise Institute is waging a legal fight against the corrupt $240 billion tobacco deal signed in 1998 between state attorneys general and Big Tobacco.                           ControlAbuseofPower.org Competitive Enterprise Institute, http://www.controlabuseofpower.org/   Kessler D.A., Natanblut S.L., Wilkenfeld J.P., et. al, Nicotine addiction: a pediatric disease, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Industry Documents The Tobacco Industry Documents, What They Are, What They Tell Us, and How to Search Them, A Practical Manual (2nd edition) [pdf 1.69Mb]   This revised and updated edition addresses the increasing need to support WHO Member States to search the tobacco industry documents and aims to provide key information for future tobacco control strategies, http://galen.library.ucsf.edu/collres/reflinks/tobacco/industry.html   MacArthur C., Knox E.G., Smoking in pregnancy: effects of stopping at different stages, Br J Obstet Gynaecol, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   American Legacy Foundation This national, independent public health foundation was established  by the 1998 tobacco settlement. It is dedicated to reducing tobacco use in the United States with major initiatives reaching youth, women, and priority populations through grant awards, research initiatives, marketing campaigns, training programs, and collaboration with national and local partners, http://www.americanlegacy.org/   The Lancet Volume 355, Issue 9211, 8 April 2000, Pages 1253-1259 Elsevier, Tobacco industry efforts subverting International Agency for Research on Cancer's second-hand smoke study, http://www.sciencedirect.com/   Curbing the Epidemic: Governments and the Economics of Tobacco Control (World Bank) The first comprehensive examination of the fiscal, trade, regulatory, agricultural, and industrial aspects of global tobacco use and control, http://www1.worldbank.org/tobacco/reports.asp   National Cancer Institute, http://www.cancer.gov/   Tobacco Control Laws in Your State (American Lung Association) "Grades" state and Federal governments' legislative efforts in the areas of smoke free air, youth access, taxation, and tobacco control spending, as well as providing behind the scenes and summary information, http://slati.lungusa.org/   The Scoop on Smoking: What Every Teen Should Know About Tobacco (American Council on Science and Health) Designed to present detailed facts about the health consequences of tobacco use in an accessible and interactive manner, http://thescooponsmoking.org/   National Research Council, Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposure and Assessing Health Effects, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, Committee on Passive Smoking, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, http://newton.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=943&page=R1   Pirkle J.L., Flegal K.M., Bernert J.T., Brody D. J., Etzel R.A., Mauer K.R., Exposure of the US population to environmental tobacco smoke, http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/107/3/540   Action on Smoking and Health (ASH), A national antismoking and nonsmokers' rights organization, http://www.ash.org/   Repace J. L., Lowrey A. H., Issues and answers concerning passive smoking in the workplace: rebutting tobacco industry arguments, Tobacco Control, http://www.forces.org/research/files/tap-dance.htm   The Multistate Master Settlement Agreement and the Future of State and Local Tobacco Control (Tobacco Control Resource Center) A detailed overview of the Master Settlement Agreement, http://www.tobacco.neu.edu/tobacco_control/resources/msa/   Schuster M., Franke T., Pham C., Smoking patterns of household members and visitors in homes with children in the United States, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/460358_3   Simpson W. J., A preliminary report on cigarette smoking and the incidence of prematurity, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Tobacco Litigation Documents PURPOSE This site contains both national litigation documents and key litigation documents from cases brought by the Attorneys General of 44 states.   The civil case U.S. v. Philip Morris USA, Inc., et al. found the major tobacco companies liable under the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute. Under the state litigation documents, four of the states suing the tobacco industry reached settlements with the tobacco defendants. The remaining states signed a Master Settlement Agreement in November of 1998, http://galen.library.ucsf.edu/tobacco/litigation/   Nightingales A group of nurse activists that work to focus public attention on the behavior of the tobacco industry and its contribution to the preventable epidemic of tobacco-caused disease and death, http://www.nightingalesnurses.org/   Thompson B., ETS exposure in the workplace, Perceptions and reactions by employees in 114 work sites. Working Well Research Group, Cancer Prevention Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98104, USA, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/   Smokeless Tobacco and Cancer (National Cancer Institute) Information about the health consequences of using smokeless tobacco, http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Tobacco/smokeless   Trends in cigarette smoking among high school students-United States, http://www.cdc.gov/   Additives Found in American Cigarettes (Indiana Prevention Resource Center) A list of 599 ingredients used in the manufacturing of cigarettes by the five major American cigarette manufacturing companies, http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/   Urberg K., Robbins R.L., Adolescents' perceptions of the costs and benefits associated with cigarette smoking: sex differences and peer influence, http://newton.nap.edu/books/030907620X/html/49.html   A Cigarette Defined (University of California, Berkeley) An interactive description of cigarettes and cigarette smoke components, http://www.tarnival.org/cigarette/cigarette.html   Tobacco Additives Cigarette Engineering and Nicotine Addiction (Action on Smoking and Health) An excellent discussion of the additives tobacco companies put in cigarettes, http://www.ash.org.uk/html/regulation/html/additives.html   Trends in tobacco use on television, J. Cruz and L. Wallack A two-week composite sample of prime time television programming from fall 1984 was analyzed for portrayals of alcohol and tobacco. Earlier studies note that smoking acts have progressively declined, suggesting smoking is no longer as frequent on prime time television.   The current study notes higher levels of smoking. This could be an indication that smoking is returning, and/or related to recent programming changes featuring more dramas on prime time television, http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/   Tobacco industry litigation strategies to oppose tobacco control media campaigns, J. K. Ibrahim and Stanton A. Glantz, Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.   Objective: To document the tobacco industry’s litigation strategy to impede tobacco control media campaigns.   Methods: Data were collected from news and reports, tobacco industry documents, and interviews with health advocates and media campaign staff, http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/abstract/15/1/50   R.J. Reynolds’ Targeting of African Americans: 1988–2000, May 2003, Vol 93, No. 5 American Journal of Public Health 822-827, American Public Health Association.   RESEARCH AND PRACTICE, Edith D. Balbach, Rebecca J. Gasior, and Elizabeth M. Barbeau,   Objectives. The purpose of this study was to describe RJ Reynolds (RJR) Tobacco Company’s strategy for targeting African Americans, as revealed in tobacco industry documents and magazine advertisements.   Methods. The authors searched industry documents to determine RJR’s strategies and analyzed magazine advertising during 2 periods: the time of the launch of the company’s Uptown cigarette (1989–1990) and a decade later (1999–2000).   Results. RJR’s efforts to target the African American market segment existed before and after Uptown, and the company’s strategy was largely implemented via other RJR brands. Advertisements featured mentholated cigarettes, fantasy/escape, expensive objects, and nightlife, http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/93/5/822   Getting to the Truth: Evaluating National Tobacco Countermarketing Campaigns, June 2002, Vol 92, No. 6 American Journal of Public Health 901-907, American Public Health Association.   FORUM ON YOUTH SMOKING, Matthew C. Farrelly, Cheryl G. Healton,   Kevin C. Davis,  Peter Messeri, James C. Hersey, and M. Lyndon Haviland,   Objectives. This study examines how the American Legacy Foundation's "truth" campaign and Philip Morris's "Think. Don't Smoke" campaign have influenced youths' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions toward tobacco.   Methods. We analyzed 2 telephone surveys of 12- to 17-year-olds with multivariate logistic regressions: a baseline survey conducted before the launch of "truth" and a second survey 10 months into the "truth" campaign.   Results. Exposure to "truth" countermarketing advertisements was consistently associated with an increase in anti-tobacco attitudes and beliefs, whereas exposure to Philip Morris advertisements generally was not. In addition, those exposed to Philip Morris advertisements were more likely to be open to the idea of smoking.   Conclusions. Whereas exposure to the "truth" campaign positively changed youths' attitudes toward tobacco, the Philip Morris campaign had a counterproductive  influence. (Am J Public Health. 2002; 92:901–907), http://www.ajph.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/6/901   The limitations of fear messages, G. Hastings and L. MacFadyen Tobacco Control 2002; 11:73-75 Tobacco Control Debate   CONTROVERSIES IN TOBACCO CONTROL The Centre for Tobacco Control Research, The University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK, http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/11/1/73   Televised Movie Trailers Expose Youth to Tobacco Use film despite a ban on tobacco advertising on television, nearly all U.S. children age 12 to 17 years may have been exposed to tobacco use through movie advertisements televised in 2001 to 2002, http://www.infozine.com/news/stories/op/storiesView/sid/17500/   Changes in Youth Cigarette Use and Intentions Following Implementation of a Tobacco Control Program, Findings From the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey, 1998-2000, Ursula E. Bauer, PhD; Tammie M. Johnson, MPH; Richard S. Hopkins, MD, MSPH; Robert G. Brooks, MD, JAMA. 2000; 284:723-728.   Many states are developing tobacco use prevention and reduction programs, and current data on tobacco use behaviors and how these change over time in response to program activities are needed for program design,  implementation, and evaluation, http://jama.ama-assn.org/   Smoking: How does it affect your skin? Is it true that smoking causes wrinkles? Melinda / Pennsylvania Mayo Clinic dermatologists Lawrence Gibson, M.D., and colleagues answer select questions.   Answer: Yes. Smoking can accelerate the normal aging process of your skin, contributing to wrinkles. These skin changes may occur after only 10 years of smoking and are irreversible.   How does smoking lead to wrinkles? Answer: Smoking causes narrowing of the blood vessels in the outermost layers of your skin. This impairs blood flow to your skin, depleting it of oxygen and important nutrients, such as vitamin A. Smoking also damages collagen and elastin — fibers that give your skin its strength and elasticity. As a result, skin begins to sag and wrinkle prematurely, http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/smoking/AN00644   Ask A Scientist! Unrepaired skin molecules cause wrinkles as we age Why does skin wrinkle and what causes it as you get older? The short answer is that skin wrinkles with age because our bodies do not fully repair damage to the molecules that give young skin its strength and resilience. Here’s the long answer:   The skin’s surface is covered with flattened cells rich in the protein keratin that makes our skin tough and water-resistant. These outer cells gradually slough off and are replaced by an underlying generation of new cells. But this outer layer, the epidermis, is not where age-related wrinkling happens---   Underneath the epidermis is a thicker layer, the dermis, composed of structural proteins that give skin strength and elasticity. These are mostly collagen fibers (80%) woven into a meshwork with elastin and other proteins to create a resilient biological polymer. As we age, the amount of collagen declines, and both collagen and elastin fibers become looser, thicker, clumped, and even crosslinked to other fibers. The result is brittle  and less elastic skin, leading to sagging and wrinkling.   What causes these chemical changes?   Free radicals are electron-hungry molecules or atoms (oxidants) that are especially dangerous because they trigger a cascade of changes to biological molecules when electrons are pulled from one molecule to another, altering chemical structures and, hence, biological functions. Free radicals are byproducts of our energy metabolism and they are also generated by environmental influences, like air pollution, smoking, and ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, http://www.ccmr.cornell.edu/education/ask/index.html?quid=1117   USA: children's theatre makes smoking a farce ROBERT J JEDDELOH A theatre group based in Minnesota has been busy delivering a dramatic message to children that smoking is far from "cool" (the word used by children in the United States and many other countries to describe what is trendy and worthy of attention). Two plays, both produced by the Minneapolis-based National Theatre for Children (NTC), are being performed  to schoolchildren about the dangers of smoking, using humor and imagination to get across their message. During the academic year from October 1997 to May 1998, NTC and sponsor Allina Health System took 2 Smart 2 Smoke to 162 Minnesota elementary schools.   The 2 Smart 2 Smoke productions are aimed at children as young as five, in the knowledge that children's erroneous perceptions about smoking begin very early in life. The group set out to use live theatre, along with curricular materials for use in the classroom and at home, to teach children about the perils of beginning nicotine use, http://tc.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/7/2/116   Cancer Research UK is the world's leading independent organization dedicated to cancer research.   We support research into all aspects of cancer through the work of more than 3,000 scientists, doctors and nurses, http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/healthyliving/smokingandtobacco

Smoking is for the Dino Birds

Video: Get Your Liver
	anti smoking 30 sec - May 30, 2006 To watch it, you will need the Google Video Player. Back to main Free Discrepant Event, Friends