The Articles A FREE lesson your learners will always remember! A New DVD Film, Death March from Bataan to Manchuria: Raising a Survivor’s Voice This is a sub page of Power Problem Solving: Why Discrepant Event Inquiry? What are America's strongest links? Teachers and Power Problem Solving. Inquiry and Democracy. by Jean K. Bruce Please use this free lesson in your classroom only. Include our Copyright info, please. Are you a little shy of being a discrepant event master teacher? Tip: Keep in mind, discrepant event inquiry lessons are student based. Mindtronics! and Inquiry Alive! Back to main Power Problem Solving A Revolution in Learning Professor William C. Bruce Jean K. Bruce Mindtronics! and Inquiry Alive! William C. Bruce Associate Dean and Professor College of Education and Psychology Phone: (903) 566-7048 e-mail: wbruce@uttyler.edu http://www.hometreemedia.org Fax: (903) 566-7036 Web Address of a " teacher must have" Power Point, 120 Slides Presentation:Lesson Planning By Professor William C. Bruce Your FREE Discrepant Event Lesson: Lesson Title: The Articles The Articles of Confederation Taken from the best seller: Mindtronics! and Inquiry Alive! The Articles DISCREPANT EVENT Macon Wingo Bride and his father Winston Wingo Bride fought Great Britain during the American Revolutionary War. Beth Greer Bride, Winston’s wife, rode 150 miles in the dead of night from the Bride home to her husband and son’s camp to warn them of the British. The Bride family and other Americans gained freedom from Great Britain. They first had to risk their lives and property winning their rights to govern. Winston suffered a wound and returned home to Beth. Macon and many other people of the former colonies fought a long and costly war against the English. Macon fought at Yorktown. The Americans foiled the British, in 1781, when Lord Cornwallis yielded at Yorktown. Macon wrote home to Winston and Beth about Yorktown. The first government created by the former colonies governed without British rule, after the war. Macon lived now at home with his wife Sally. Macon, Winston, Sally, Beth, their families, and the people of their country spent many nights talking until morning, about their country’s failure. The Bride family and most Americans found it hard to grasp that the first American government lasted only eight years. The American government, thought a dismal failure by most people, ended in 1789. The Articles, DISCIPLINE: Political Science, History The Articles, KEY CONCEPTS: Federalism, Confederacy, States' Rights, Articles of Confederation The Articles, PROBLEM STATEMENT: Why did the first government of the U.S. fail within eight years? The Articles, PROBABLE SOLUTION: The first government of the U.S. operated under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles represented a reaction against strong central government, as embodied in the King of England. The Articles prevented central government's coercion of new (individual) state governments. The Confederation became a firm league of friendship. Each state acted independently. The Articles provided minimum powers needed to govern a modern nation-state. Many Americans saw the need for a stronger national government, after several years of unsettled disputes and a lack of cooperation. They also saw that a stronger national government needed to provide a compromise between the power of the ruler and the freedom of the Articles. In 1787, the delegates from the states met to improve the governmental structure established under the Articles. The meeting evolved into the Constitutional Convention. In 1789, the U.S. Constitution gained enough state votes for ratification; then, a federal government replaced the Confederation. The Articles, POSSIBLE STUDENT HYPOTHESES: • The British sent an army back to the U.S.; the British defeated the army of the new government. • The new U.S. government abused its granted power. The Confederacy ruled in a manner resembling their former monarchy. • The new U.S. government had corrupt officials. • The great U.S. Revolutionary War heroes opposed the new government. It failed because of poor leadership. • The new American nation had meager resources needed to run its new government. The Articles, FACT SHEET: 1. Unanimous approval was given to the Articles of Confederation by all 13 states. The Articles of Confederation could only be amended through unanimous approval of all 13 states. 2. The U.S. government, under the Articles, included no chief executive to enforce the laws and no court system. 3. The U.S. Congress, under the Articles, contained only one legislative house and held no power to collect taxes. 4. Laws proved difficult to pass under the Articles. Nine of 13 states needed to approve all laws. 5. Congress, under the Articles, was selected by the state legislatures, not by popular election. 6. Congress held no power to regulate interstate trade. 7. Each state established its own form of currency. Congress produced no money or coins. 8. The Articles provided no armed forces. 9. The British sent armies back to the U.S. only during the War of 1812. 10. No proof exists of serious corruption under the Articles. Slight opportunity for corruption developed in a government granted so little power. 11. The new nation remained in debt. The natural resources of U.S. proved sufficient; the government needed only the power to tap those resources. 12. The U.S. voters were better-educated property owning citizens. This same group of voters proved able to vote and to govern when the Constitution came into effect. 13. The Articles received initial support from most U.S. leaders. The Articles, REFERENCES and RESOURCES: Abernathy, M. Glenn, 1968, Civil Liberties Under the Constitution, Dodd, Mead, New York. Bayard, James, 1840, A Brief Exposition of the Constitution of the United States, Hogan & Thompson, Philadelphia. Brown, Roger H., Redeeming the Republic-Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. Ernst, Morris L., 1946, The First Freedom, The Macmillan Com., NY. Farrand, Max, 1970, Framing of the Constitution of the United States, Yale University, New Haven. Fleuron Press, The, 1969, The Thirteen Colonies Adopt Articles of Confederation, Cincinnati, Ohio. Greenberg, Keith Elliot, 1995, Adolescent Rights: Are Young People Equal Under the Law?, Twenty-first Century Books, NY. Hartley, William H. and William S. Vincent, 1983, American Civics, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Chicago. Hunt, Bernice Kohn, 1974, The Spirit and the Letter: The Struggle for Rights in America, Viking Press, NY. Jensen, Merrill, 1950, The New Nation: A History of the United States During the Confederation 1789, Alfred, NY. Levy, Leonard Williams, 1972, Judgments: Essays on American Constitutional History, Quadrangle Books, Chicago. Maestro, Giulio and Betsy C. Maestro, 1990, A More Perfect Union: The Story of Our Constitution, Mulberry Books. Morgan, Edmund Sears, 1956, The Birth of the Republic, 1763-89, Un. of Chicago Press. Morris, 1985, Basic Documents on the Confederation and Constitution, Krieger Publishing, Malabar, Florida. Prolman, Marilyn, 1995, The Constitution: Cornerstones of Freedom, Children's Press. Virginia Commission On Constitutional Government, 1964, We the States: An Anthology of Historic Documents and Commentaries Thereon, Expounding the State and Federal Relationship, Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, Richmond. The Articles, LINKS: http://www.whitehouse.gov/kids/constitution/facts.html http://www.nationalcenter.org/ArticlesofConfederation.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/ http://www.ourdocuments.gov/content.php?page=learn_more&doc=3 http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/history/dfg/amrv/amrv-xiv.htm http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/american_originals/revolt.html http://www.tax.org/museum/1777-1815.htm http://www.constitutioncenter.org/sections/teacher/lesson_plans/html/71095ag.asp http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/person/fpnintro.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/law/lawintro.html http://www.constitutioncenter.org/sections/teacher/lesson_plans/html/70334a.asp http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/ndlpedu/collections/bdsd/index.html http://www.constitutioncenter.org/sections/teacher/lesson_plans/html/10212a.asp http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/foundationsvocab.htm http://msit.gsu.edu/dhr/gw/trice/lexia7.htm http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/ http://www.constitutioncenter.org/constitution/ http://lcweb2.loc.gov http://lcweb2.loc.gov/const/amend.html http://www.constitutioncenter.org/timeline/html/cw02_11927.html http://www.usconstitution.net/articles.html http://curry.edschool.virginia.edu/curry/class/Museums/Teacher_Guide/Social_Studies/The.Constit ution.html http://www.fedworld.gov/#usgovt http://www.ala.org/alaorg/oif/ http://www.constitution.org/cmt/jwh/jwh_treason_4.htm http://religiousfreedom.lib.virginia.edu/sacred/colonies_of_ne_1643.html http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/artconf.htm http://www.pbs.org/standarddeviantstv/answers_amer_gov.html \http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/mwt/sfeature/sf_after.html http://www.libraries.psu.edu/iasweb/microforms/archmr.htm http://lgxserver.uniba.it/lei/filpol/filpole/studiowofpe.htm http://www.pbs.org/ktca/liberty/tguide_6.html GRADE LEVEL: Secondary Question: What are America's best kept secrets? Answers: * teachers and power problem solving * inquiry and democracy * a diverse population Teachers, from American's beginning, came to America from all over the world. America's diversity, and the teachers' need for freedom and fairplay, helped make America great. The idea, of ideas, as power, helped make America great. Power, in this new country, America, without domination, helped make America great. The ability, for anyone, to command his or her own life through observation, hands-on diagnosis, cooperation, and open-minded inquiry, helped make America great. A Revolution in Learning by Jean K. Bruce Free Discrepant Event, Friends, anti-smoking & tobacco Professor William C. Bruce Jean K. Bruce Mindtronics! and Inquiry Alive! William C. Bruce Associate Dean and Professor College of Education and Psychology Phone: (903) 566-7048 e-mail: wbruce@uttyler.edu http://www.hometreemedia.org Fax: (903) 566-7036 Web Address of a " teacher must have" Power Point, 120 Slides Presentation:Lesson Planning By Professor William C. Bruce Your Link to a FREE Discrepant Event Lesson at page bottom: Lesson Title: The Articles The Articles of Confederation Taken from the best seller: Mindtronics! and Inquiry Alive!

What went wrong in America?